What is Music

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What is Music *

  1. Gruen, J. (1968). The Private World of Leonard Bernstein. Viking Press. p. 39.

  2. Gann, K. (2010). No Such Thing as Silence: John Cage’s 4’33". Yale University Press. p. 1.

  3. Kostelanetz, R. (2003). Conversing with Cage (2nd ed.). John Kobler (1968). Routledge. p. 70.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Kostelanetz, R. (2003). Conversing with Cage (2nd ed.). Jeff Goldberg (1974). Routledge. p. 70.

  6. John Cage About Silence. Retrieved 6.13.2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcHnL7aS64Y

  7. Kostelanetz, R. (2003). Conversing with Cage (2nd ed.). Alan Gillmor (1973). Routledge. p. 64.

  8. Elliott, D. J., & Silverman, M. (2015). Music Matters: A Philosophy of Music Education (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 56.

  9. Barenboim, D., (2008). Music Quickens Time. London: Verso.

  10. Busoni, F., (1907) Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music. Project Gutenberg. p. 4.

  11. Varèse, E., & Wen-Chung, C. (1966). The Liberation of Sound. Perspectives of New Music, 5(1), 11-19. pgs. 18.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Varèse’s citation of Hoëne Wronsky (1778-1853), also known as Joseph Marie Wronsky who was a Polish philosopher and mathematician.

  14. Varèse, E., & Wen-Chung, C. (1966). The Liberation of Sound. Perspectives of New Music, 5(1). p. 17.

  15. Elliott, D. J., (1995). Music Matters: A New Philosophy of Music Education. Oxford University Press. p. 39.

  16. Small, C. (1998). Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening. University Press of New England. p. 9.

  17. Elliott, D. J., & Silverman, M. (2015). Music Matters: A Philosophy of Music Education (Second ed.). Oxford University Press.

  18. Little Girl Conducts Choir in Kyrgyzstan!. Retrieved 2.12.2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5-CiG0XmoI

  19. 3 Year Old Jonathan Conducting…. Retrieved 2.12.2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0REJ-lCGiKU

  20. Sayal, A., Pereira, J., Direito, B., Sousa, T., & Castelo‑Branco, M. (2025). Music as a Real‑time fMRI Neurofeedback Interface for Modulating Interhemispheric Connectivity: Effects on Mood and Recruitment of the Putamen and Insula [Preprint]. bioRxiv.

  21. Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Non-musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 23(27), pgs. 9240–9245.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Olszewska, A. M., Gaca, M., Herman, A. M., Jednoróg, K., & Marchewka, A. (2021). How Musical Training Shapes the Adult Brain: Predispositions and Neuroplasticity. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, 630829.

  24. NPR’s Tiny Desk Series with Yo-Yo Ma, (2018). Retrieved 2.12.2025. https://tinyurl.com/y72wq8d9

  25. Donald A. Hodges. (2017). A Concise Survey of Music Philosophy. Routledge. p. 167.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Langer, S. K. (1942). Philosophy In a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art. Harvard University Press.

  28. Smith, E. (1995). Liner Notes. In Shostakovich: The String Quartets [CD booklet]. Decca Records.